Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) exhibit intriguing luminescent properties, rendering them valuable assets in diverse fields such as bioimaging, sensing, and therapeutics. However, the potential toxicological consequences of UCNPs necessitate rigorous investigation to ensure their safe application

In this study, we describe a novel strategy for the synthesis and characterization of single-carbon nanotube nanotubes (SWCNTs) covalently attached with iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4|Fe2O3|FeO). The fabrication process involves a two-step approach, first bonding SWCNTs onto a compatible substrate